Stainless Steel Dental Tools For Clinic

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Materials Requirements for Biomedical Implants and Prosthesis

by Hugo Herrero Antón de VezonDecember 14, 2018

Biocompatibility

In this section, we again see stainless steel type 316L, because its price is a common choice for biomedical implants. We have to note that for medical implants, however, it is necessary that the final product follows sanitary standards to avoid bacterial growth and toxicity derived from the implant material.

This is covered by the ASTM F138 standard for surgical implants. So, generally required is what we call stainless steel 316LVM (UNS S31673), which is nowadays only achieved by vacuum melt. We also need to have in mind that 316L is an alloy with nickel, therefore it can cause allergic or immune reactions in certain patients.

Mechanical properties

Because of the necessity for greater durability and mechanical stress resistance required for prostheses and some implants, a new actor comes into play: the titanium alloys. Ti-6AL-4V grade 5 has its greater strength, and Ti-6AL-4V ELI grade 23 has lower O2 content, an improved ductility and fracture toughness with some reduction in strength. The advantages of using titanium over stainless steel are greater biocompatibility, greater fatigue strength, greater corrosion resistance, lower weight and lower Young’s modulus.

The latter is beneficial in avoiding a misbalanced stress distribution in the peri-implant area, caused by the high differences in YM between bone and prosthesis. The grade 23 is already validated for detailed surgical procedures. Another alloy, Ti-6Al-7Nb, is also attractive as it is more bio-compatible due to the absence of vanadium.

For medical implants, the high-cycle fatigue strength (avoiding cracking thus will be the determinant factor for fixation) is more important than fracture toughness (which is only important when a crack has already occurred, therefore the toughness should not be a selection-limiting factor).

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